Social Inequality and Insecurity in Canada

Social Inequality and Insecurity in Canada ASSIGNMENT-2 Social inequality illustrates a scenario in a society where there is disparity that has limiting effect on a group’s social status and class. Inequality, in this reference, refers to the differences in status, experience, and outcomes among various groups of individuals in the society. The social inequality covers aspects like right to vote for every adult individual, right to speech, right to access property and right to education, quality of healthy living, quality of housing, traveling, vacationing and other social goods and services. It can also be viewed in the quality of family and neighborhood life, occupation, job satisfaction, and right to credit. Social insecurity refers to a condition in a society where people do not receive benefits because of their employment program. For instance privilege for retirement pensions, disability insurance and employment guarantee program. The provision of services may vary from country to country which may include health care, financial support during unemployment or retirement, safety at work. Insecurity rises from temporary work that does not give a commitment by the agency for permanent employment. This does not provide a reliable level of income or work for the workers. Temporary workers face dismissal at work place and lack job security. A recent study conducted in Canada revealed that the main difference between inequality and insecurity. Inequality describes the situation where the workers with equal labor productivity, ability, education, training and experience are treated unequal. They face inequality in employment selection procedure, job promotion, level of wages, training and other areas. However, insecurity is a situation where an employee has a perception that his or her job is uncertain and may come to an end sooner or later. This perception stands as a threat caused by the instability and unsteadiness of job or unsatisfied for possibly being fired at any time. The major causes of inequality and insecurity are different. Work inequality is affected characteristics like racism, gender inequality, skin color, age, family background, tradition, religion, physical fitness and the nationality of a person. However, work insecurity depends on work background, job importance, job content, work environment, job sat isfaction and career development. The effect of social inequality and insecurity on Canadian society is the division of labor market into good jobs and bad jobs. Social Inequality is dominated by professional and skilled workers and social insecurity is dominated by women and racist groups. The bad jobs provide little security of job and nearly about one tenth of the Canadian population is engaged in it. The birth of non-standard jobs is due to inequality as there is vulnerability of unemployment. Therefore, people hold multiple jobs at a time for survival. Temporary work is also a form of non-standard jobs wherein the job is dependent on the season and terms of contract with the company. A new type of agencies have been started which act as a broker between the employee and the employer. These agencies make arrangements for the temporary positions and individuals seeking jobs. The agency’s income is derived from the difference between what it charges the company and what it pays the individual worker. Self-em ployment is referred to as a means to achieve flexibility and freedom from the regular unemployment, low wages, and insecurity. It is segmented between a primary and a secondary market. In the primary self-employment market, companies run on full-time basis and often have few employees who have access to the benefits. This market segment mostly consists of older men who all have an established network of potential clients. In the secondary self-employment market, there is more uncertainty of work, lack of control of labor market and protection and inadequate incomes. Studies have revealed that insecurity in Canada has increased over the past 20 years. The possibility of unemployment is a significant reason for insecurity in Canada. It varies from workers in permanent full-time jobs to workers in temporary positions in contract. â€Å"Churn† refers to the very high turnover rates associated with certain occupations. A number of jobs, such as contract work and seasonal jobs show insecurity in their nature. Unemployment risk is higher for working individuals (25-64 years age) having a high school diploma or nothing. Unemployment risk is also higher for those in the primary sector than in the tertiary sector. But some areas of the tertiary sector, such as health and education, show low unemployment and infrequent job changes. While jobs like in hospitality and food services show higher unemployment and high turnover rates due to seasonal variations. In 2010, minimum wage levels ranged from $7.5 per hour in British Columbia to $9.5 per hour in Ontario. An individual earning $8.00 per hour and working forty hours per week will earn $16000 per year, if that individual does not take any off from work for the entire year. This individual living anywhere in Canada likely to have housing or other living expenses, job changes and will live below the low-income cut-off rate. The major causes of inequality in Canada were studied and deduced as follows:- Women: Women have always played a key role in the economy, yet their work, whether paid or unpaid, has never been recognized. Considerably, Women’s participation in the labor market has hiked since the end of World War II. The reasons being: desire for economic independence, less number of children per family, changed marital status, better access to education. Radicalized groups: The employment patterns of radicalized groups are similar to those of women. They experience a low average income, low participation rates, and higher unemployment rates. They also are less involved into white-collar jobs and are more in to the pink and blue-collar jobs. These groups of workers are more employed in non-union positions. They are likely to be absent in professional and managerial occupations. Persons with disabilities:- The majority of these people are excluded from school, work and society. This group has low participation and employment opportunities and the rate of low incomes is twice that of persons with no disabilities. They face more of the fluctuations in the labor market and social exclusion. Young workers, Aboriginal persons and old workers: Aboriginal persons have very low employment level because of the differences in education levels. As increasing numbers of Aboriginal persons are getting their post-secondary education, they find themselves alongside others who are seeking work and are not included in Aboriginal organizations. The labor market patterns of older section of people are also changing particularly due to the factors like loss of jobs, pensions and mandatory retirement. The income level due to these conditions has not allowed them to purchase property or save money for retirement. Young workers constitute another group who face unemployment in Canada due to lack of experience which plays the major reason for their condition. Fig 1:-The above graph is a study conducted in year 2009 showing the low income rate among various countries using MBM. Fig 2:-The above graph shows the income gap between the rich and the poorest groups in Canada over the past 10 years. The effective policies brought in by the Canadian government to reduce inequality in Canada are changes in wages and salaries distribution. The changes are as follows: Changes in work environment, part-time working opportunities, self-employed and non-standard labor contracts and an increase in division of work hours. Technological changes with the benefits of technical progress among the high-skilled. Regulatory policies targeted at promoting growth and productivity, which enhanced both employment and income inequality. Re-distribution through taxes and benefits in mitigating income inequality within all countries. Tax provisions being reviewed on top-income households to ensure the tax system is progressive and fair. Better education facilities for certain groups in Canada, certainly among Aboriginals. This is a major issue of concern requiring more efficient policy action. REFERENCES 1. http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/hot-topics/caninequality.aspx 2. http://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2013/09/26/growth_of_inequality_in_canada _cannot_be_denied.html 3. http://www.mqup.ca/social-inequality-in-canada-products-9780886292799.php 4. http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Committee/403/HUMA/Reports/RP4770921/humarp07 /humarp07-e.pdf 5. http://www.caledoninst.org/Publications/PDF/594ENG.pdf 6. http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Committee/403/HUMA/Reports/RP4770921/humarp07 /humarp07-e.pdf 7. http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/reports/rise-canadas-richest-1 8. John Loxley, Public Service, Private Profits: The Political Economy of Public/Private Partnerships in Canada

Compare and Contrast Gatsby’s and Myrtles Parties

At the end of Chapter 2 and at the beginning of Chapter 3, we find Nick describing two different parties, the first one Myrtle's, the second Gatsby's. The parties are very different themselves; they contain two completely contrasting settings, at opposite ends of the spectrum. Myrtle's party is at the lower end of the spectrum, and seems to be the ‘wannabe party', where most of the people there are the people who wish to become the people who attend Gatsby's party, who are the rich and famous. This contrast of attendees to the parties is very interesting, and in my view, portrays how society in 1920's America was. People wanted to be rich, and followed how the people who were rich to as close as they possibly could. Myrtle's party is a very interesting scenario, in all of its forms. Myrtles apartment even shows how she is determined to live the upper class lifestyle. The description of the apartment (â€Å"a small living room, a small dining room, a small bedroom, and a bath. â€Å") Shows how poor it really is, and may also show how poor Myrtle is. The apartment also shows Myrtle's undying desperation and need to be seen as rich, mostly shown in the items inside the apartment. † tapistried furniture entirely too large for it (the apartment) † The furniture is symbolic of Myrtle in many ways, it can be seen that she is desperate to be seen as rich, and so she buys items that are too large for her own restrictions on life. It could also be seen that the ‘furniture entirely too large for it' shows that Myrtle's desires for life are too large for what she can manage, and so they seem to become cumbersome, and become intrusive in everything that she does. ladies swinging in the gardens of Versailles† is showing the type of lifestyle Myrtle wants to have, and it is the lifestyle that Daisy and Jordan have achieved. This continues to show the desperation of Myrtle, as she is trying to gain the ‘touch of class' wherever she can, and this desperation is amplified when we see how much of a following she has on celebrities lives (â€Å"several old copies of Town Tattle†) it seems she is hoping that if she reads and learns how celebrities live, she will pick up that lifestyle and become one also. The people who go to the party help show what the party is trying to portray. Catherine, Myrtle's sister, is exactly the same as Myrtle in many ways. She is portrayed by Nick as very fake, and possibly a ‘Gold digger', but the reality is that she is just trying to gain security, and the best way to do that in the 1920's was to find a rich husband. Mr. McKee is a photographer, and we can tell by the way he asks enthusiastically to Tom about possibly photographing his family, that he also desperate and trying to ‘make it big'. This is further reinforced at the end of the chapter, where McKee is drunk, half naked and still showing his portfolio to people, in this case, Nick. This shows the perseverance people at this time had to become rich, and how much they needed to force their particular medium on people to get a chance to become rich, but also to preserve their dreams. Tom, at this time, is at the party to escape his life with Daisy, and it is interesting how differently he treats Myrtle and Daisy, but also the similarities. Tom seems to be more willing to spend on Myrtle, for example, the apartment itself and the dog. It is obvious that Tom only wishes to use Myrtle, and thus the apartment, for sex, which is why he has spent so little on it, as it only contains what he requires. However, there are similarities in how he treats Daisy and Myrtle. For example, he will not allow either of them to have their own says if they are not the same as his, and how brutally he treats them if they do not . We see this in plain view when he breaks Myrtle's nose. This shows how he believes in a patriarchal society, and shows how he can bring he back down to reality with one deft blow. Gatsby's party is so much different from Myrtle's it is unrecognizable. Gatsby's party is extremely extravagant, and everything Myrtle wants hers to be. His vastness of wealth is shown in many ways, such as â€Å"‘his Rolls Royce became an omnibus', ‘five crates of oranges and lemons', ‘enough coloured lights to make a Christmas tree', ‘pitful of oboes and trombones'† All of these show off how much wealth Gatsby has, and it is even more amplified with the knowledge that these parties are common occurrences. The descriptions given also seem to be very biblical, such as â€Å"pyramid of pulpless halves†. This imagery may show the fact that the pyramid is made of ‘pulpless halves' shows the people who go to these parties are the kind of people that are in the magazines that Myrtle reads, which are known to be very superficial. The fact that Gatsby is still mainly called â€Å"my neighbour† shows that he is still very mysterious, even though he continuously throws these large parties. This is an interesting contrast, we expect people who throw such parties to be the type of people who show off, or who are celebrities. In other words, the type of people Myrtle aspires to be like. However, Gatsby is not like this, we know he throws parties with such exuberance and enthusiasm, and yet we have only seen a glimpse of the character himself, and we have not as of yet heard a piece of dialogue from him. This is probably why Nick is so interested in him, as he does not fit into the mould that people expect him to. There is no specific people mentioned who go to Gatsby's party, apart from Catherine in the previous chapter. The other people are only described as â€Å"enthusiastic meetings between women who never knew each other's names† This description shows who the type of people go to Gatsby's parties, they seem to be very superficial, and the stereotypical ‘rich person' we can compare this with Myrtle's party, where almost everyone there, excluding Tom, wants to become rich, but they do not think about the consequences of such a thing and will possibly fall into this stereotype, or see it as the right way to be. We can see contrasts between the two parties in many areas, such as the fact Myrtle's party feels very cramped, whereas Gatsby's is very open. This shows the value of life and wealth these two people have, as well as their ambitions. Myrtle's overwhelming ambition to be rich and famous controls as to what she does, which is to do anything she can and nothing else to get her dream. Gatsby's position in life means that he can do what with his life, making his party personify his freedoms. Overall, we are shown two different sides of 1920's America. We see the Hollywood-style America, with Gatsby's party, where everyone is having a fantastic time, even if it is all very hollow. But we are also seen the underbelly of America, with all the opportunists in one place trying to use the wealthiest person there to boost themselves upwards. This, could be said, to be the reality of the American Dream. To make it big, you need to use every chance you can get and make all of the risks you can chance to make it, and if you don't, you fall down the ladder and have to start again.

Analysis of Shakespeares Helena and Demetrius

William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream tells of four young Athenian lovers—Helena, Demetrius, Hermia, and Lysander—and their mixed-up love affairs, aided and complicated by the actions of fairies. Helena When Helena is first introduced, she demonstrates her insecurities about her looks and her jealousy toward her friend Hermia, who has unwittingly stolen the affections of Demetrius from her. Helena wants to be more like Hermia to win back Demetrius’ heart. Hers is the harder love story to swallow, as Demetrius is in effect drugged by the fairies to be in love with her, but she accepts it all the same. Her insecurity leads her to accuse Hermia of mocking her when both Demetrius and Lysander are in love with Hermia: Lo, she is one of this confederacy. / Now I perceive they have conjoined all three / To fashion this false sport in spite of me. / Injurious Hermia, most ungrateful maid, / Have you conspired, have you with these contrived / To bait me with foul derision. Helena demeans herself in chasing after Demetrius even when he scorns her, but this demonstrates her constant love for him. It also allows the audience to accept the idea that Demetrius was drugged to be in love with her. We are more amenable to the idea that she would be happy just to have the chance to be together with him, whatever the circumstances. However, when Demetrius says he loves her, she understandably thinks he is mocking her; he has fallen out of love with her once before, so there was a risk this could happen again. But the story ends happily with Demetrius and Helena in love, and the audience is asked to be happy with that. We are urged by the fairy Puck to consider the play as a dream, and in a dream, we don’t consider the whys and wherefores of what happens. Similarly, the audience can accept that all the characters are happy by the end of the story. Demetrius Demetrius is Egeus’ chosen suitor for his daughter Hermia. Demetrius loves Hermia, but Hermia is not interested in him. He once was betrothed to Hermia’s best friend, Helena, who still loves him. When Helena tells Demetrius that Hermia has eloped with Lysander, he decides to follow Hermia into the forest. He intends to kill Lysander, but how this will encourage Hermia to love him is unclear: â€Å"Where is Lysander, and fair Hermia? The one I’ll slay, the other slayeth me.† Demetrius’ treatment of Helena is harsh; he is rude to her and leaves her in no doubt that he is no longer interested in her: â€Å"For I am sick when I do look on thee,† he says. However, he poses a thinly veiled threat that he might take advantage of her while she is alone with him in the forest, and he urges her to have more self-respect: You do impeach your modesty too much / To leave the city and commit yourself / Into the hands of one that loves you not, / To trust the opportunity of night / And the ill counsel of a desert place / With the rich worth of your virginity. Helena says that she trusts him and knows that he is virtuous and he would not take advantage. Unfortunately, Demetrius is willing to leave Helena to the â€Å"wild beasts† rather than protect her to achieve his own ends. This doesnt demonstrate his best qualities, and, as a result, his fate is more palatable to the audience as he succumbs to the influence of magic and is made to love someone hes not interested in. Under the influence of Puck’s magic, Demetrius pursues Helena, saying: Lysander, keep thy Hermia. I will none. / If e’er I loved her, all that love is gone. / My heart to her but as guest-wise sojourned / And now to Helena is it home returned, / There to remain. As the audience, we have to hope that these words are genuine and we can revel in the couple’s happiness forever after.

Epidemiology Is The Foundation Of Public Health Essay

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